Aquinas: Topics of main works
Topics of Summa Contra Gentiles
Book I: Of God As He Is In Himself
1 : The Function of the Wise Man
2 : Of the Author's Purpose
3 : That the Truths which we confess concerning God fall under two Modes
or Categories
4 : That it is an Advantage for the Truths of God, known by Natural Reason,
to be proposed to men to be believed on Faith
5 : That it is an Advantage for things that cannot be searched out by
Reason to be proposed as Tenets of Faith
6 : That there is no Lightmindedness in assenting to Truths of Faith,
although they are above Reason
7 : That the Truth of Reason is not contrary to the Truths of Christian
Faith
8 : Of the relation of Human Reason to the First Truth of Faith
9 : The Order and Mode of Procedure in this Work
10 : Of the Opinion of those who say that the Existence of God cannot
be proved, being a Self-evident Truth
11 : Rejection of the aforesaid Opinion and Solution of the aforesaid
Reasons
12 : Of the Opinion of those who say that the Existence of God is a Tenet
of Faith alone and cannot be demonstrated
13 : Reasons in proof of the Existence of God
14 : That in order to a Knowledge of God we must proceed by the method
of Negative Differentiation
15 : That God is Eternal
16 : That in God there is no Passive Potentiality
18 : That in God there is no Composition
20 : That God is Incorporeal
21 : That God is His own Essence
22 : That in God Existence and Essence are the same
23 : That in God there is no Accident
24 : That the Existence of God cannot be characterised by the addition
of any Substantial Differentia
25 : That God is not in any Genus
26 : That God is not the Formal or Abstract Being of all things
28 : That God is Universal Perfection
29 : How Likeness to God may be found in Creatures
30 : What Names can be predicated of God
31 : That the Plurality of Divine Names is not inconsistent with the
Simplicity of the Divine Being predicated of God and of other Beings
32 : That nothing is predicated of God and of other Beings synonymously
33 : That it is not at all true that the application of common Predicates
to God and to Creatures involves nothing beyond a mere Identity of Name
34 : That the Things that are said of God and of Creatures are said analogously
35 : That the several Names predicated of God are not synonymous
36 : That the Propositions which our Understanding forms of God are not
void of Meaning
38 : That God is His own Goodness
39 : That in God there can be no Evil
40 : That God is the Good of all Good
42 : That God is One
43 : That God is Infinite
44 : That God has Understanding
45 : That in God the Act of Understanding is His very Essence
46 : That God understands by nothing else than by His own Essence
47 : That God perfectly understands Himself
48 : That God primarily and essentially knows Himself alone
49 : That God knows other things besides Himself
50 : That God has a Particular Knowledge of all things
51 : Some Discussion of the question how there is in the Divine Understanding
a Multitude of Objects
52 : Reasons to show how the Multitude of Intelligible Ideal Forms has
no Existence except in the Divine Understanding
53 : How there is in God a Multitude of Objects of Understanding
54 : That the Divine Essence, being One, is the proper Likeness and Type
of all things Intelligible
55 : That God understands all things at once and together
56 : That there is not Habitual Knowledge in God
57 : That God's Knowledge is not a Reasoned Knowledge
58 : That God does not understand by Combination and Separation of Ideas
59 : That the Truth to be found in Propositions is not excluded from
God
60 : That God is Truth
61 : That God is Pure Truth
62 : That the Truth of God is the First and Sovereign Truth
63 : Arguments of those who wish to withdraw from God the Knowledge of
Individual Things
64 : A list of things to be said concerning the Divine Knowledge
65 : That God knows Individual Things
66 : That God knows things which are not
67 : That God knows Individual Contingent Events
68 : That God knows the Motions of the Will
69 : That God knows Infinite Things
70 : That God knows Base and Mean Things
71 : That God knows Evil Things
72 : That God has a Will
73 : That the Will of God is His Essence
74 : That the Object of the Will of God in the first place is God Himself
75 : That God in willing Himself wills also other things besides Himself
76 : That with one and the same Act of Will God wills Himself and all
other beings
77 : That the Multitude of the Objects of God's Will is not inconsistent
with the Simplicity of His Substance
78 : That the Divine Will reaches to the good of Individual Existences
79 : That God wills things even that as yet are not
80 : That God of necessity wills His own Being and His own Goodness
81 : That God does not of necessity love other things than Himself
82 : Arguments against the aforesaid Doctrine, and Solution of the same
83 : That God wills anything else than Himself with an Hypothetical Necessity
84 : That the Will of God is not of things in themselves Impossible
85 : That the Divine Will does not take away Contingency from things
86 : That Reason can be assigned for the Divine Will
87 : That nothing can be a Cause to the Divine Will
88 : That there is Free Will in God
89 : That there are no Passions in God
90 : That there is in God Delight and Joy
91 : That there is Love in God
92 : In what sense Virtues can be posited in God
93 : That there are in God the Virtues which regulate Action
94 : That the Contemplative (intellectual) Virtues are in God
95 : That God can will no Evil
96 : That God hates nothing
97 : That God is Living
98 : That God is His own Life
99 : That the Life of God is everlasting
100 : That God is Happy
101 : That God is His own Happiness
102 : That the Happiness of God is most Perfect, and exceeds all other
Happiness
Book II: God The Origin of Creatures
1 : Connexion of what follows with what has gone before
4 : That the Philosopher and the Theologian view Creatures from different
Standpoints
5 : Order of matters to be treated
6 : That it belongs to God to be to other Beings the Principle of Existence
7 : That there is in God Active Power
8 : That God's Power is His Substance
9 : That God's Power is His Action
10 : In what manner Power is said to be in God
11 : That something is predicated of God in relation to Creatures
12 : That the Relations, predicated of God in regard of Creatures, are
not really in God
13 : How the aforesaid Relations are predicated of God
14 : That the Predication of many Relations of God is no prejudice to
the Simplicity and Singleness of His Being
15 : That God is to all things the Cause of their being
16 : That God has brought things into being out of nothing
17 : That Creation is not a Movement nor a Change
18 : Solution of Arguments against Creation
19 : That Creation is not Successive
21 : That it belongs to God alone to create
22 : That God is Almighty
23 : That God's action in creation is not of Physical Necessity, but
of Free Choice of Will
24 : That God acts by His Wisdom
25 : In what sense some things are said to be Impossible to the Almighty
26 : That the Divine Understanding is not limited to certain Fixed Effects
28 : That God has not brought things into being in discharge of any Debt
of justice
29 : How in the production of a creature there may be found a Debt of
justice in respect of the Necessary Sequence of something Posterior upon
something Prior
30 : How Absolute Necessity may have place in Creation
31 : That it is not necessary for Creatures to have existed from Eternity
32, 35 : Reasons alleged for the Eternity of the World on the part of
God, with Answers to the same
33, 36 : Reasons alleged for the Eternity of the World on the part of
Creatures, with Answers to the same
34, 37 : Reasons alleged for the Eternity of the World on the part of
the fact of its Production, with Answers to the same
38 : Arguments wherewith some try to show that the World is not Eternal,
and Solutions of the same
41 : That the Variety of Creatures does not arise from any Contrariety
of Prime Agents
44 : That the Variety of Creatures has not arisen from Variety of Merits
and Demerits
45 : The real Prime Cause of the Variety of Creatures
46 : That it was necessary for the Perfection of the Universe that there
should be some Intellectual Natures
47 : That Subsistent Intelligences are Voluntary Agents
48 : That Subsistent Intelligences have Free Will
49 : That Subsistent Intelligence is not Corporeal
52 : That in Created Subsistent Intelligences there is a Difference between
Existence and Essence
53 : That in Created Subsistent Intelligences there is Actuality and
Potentiality
55 : That Subsistent Intelligences are Imperishable
56, 69 : How a Subsistent Intelligence may be United with a Body, with
a Solution of the Arguments alleged to prove that a Subsistent Intelligence
cannot be United with a Body as its Form
57 : Plato's Theory of the Union of the Intellectual Soul with the Body
58 : That Vegetative, Sentient, and Intelligent are not in Man Three
Souls
59 : That the Potential Intellect of Man is not a Spirit subsisting apart
from Matter
60 : That a Man is not a member of the Human Species by possession of
Passive Intellect, but by possession of Potential Intellect
61 : That the aforesaid Tenet is contrary to the Mind of Aristotle
62 : Against the Opinion of Alexander concerning the Potential Intellect
64 : That the Soul is not a Harmony
65 : That the Soul is not a Body
66 : Against those who suppose Intellect and Sense to be the same
67 : Against those who maintain that the Potential Intellect is the Phantasy
68 : How a Subsistent Intelligence may be the Form of a Body
69 : Solution of the Arguments alleged to show that a Subsistent Intelligence
cannot be united with a Body as the Form of that Body
73 : That the Potential Intellect is not One and the Same in all men
74 : Of the Opinion of Avicenna, who supposed Intellectual Forms not
to be preserved in the Potential Intellect
75 : Confutation of the Arguments which seem to prove the Unity of the
Potential Intellect
76 : That the Active Intellect is not a separately Subsisting Intelligence,
but a Faculty of the Soul
77 : That it is not Impossible for the Potential and the Active Intellect
to be united in the one Substance of the Soul
78 : That it was not the Opinion of Aristotle that the Active Intellect
is a separately Subsistent Intelligence, but rather that it is a Part
of the Soul
79 : That the Human Soul does not perish with the Body
80, 81 : Arguments of those who wish to prove that the Human Soul perishes
with the Body, with Replies to the same
82 : That the Souls of Dumb Animals are not Immortal
83, 84 : Apparent Arguments to show that the Human Soul does not begin
with the Body, but has been from Eternity, with Replies to the same
85 : That the Soul is not of the Substance of God
86 : That the Human Soul is not transmitted by Generation
87 : That the Human Soul is brought into being by a Creative Act of God
88, 89 : Arguments against the Truth of the Conclusion last drawn, with
their Solution
91 : That there are Subsistent Intelligences not united with Bodies
93 : That Intelligences Subsisting apart are not more than One in the
same Species
94 : That an Intelligence Subsisting apart and a Soul are not of one
Species
96 : That Intelligences Subsisting apart do not gather their Knowledge
from Objects of Sense
97 : That the Mind of an Intelligence Subsisting apart is ever in the
act of understanding
98 : How one Separately Subsisting Intelligence knows another
99 : That Intelligences Subsisting apart know Material Things, that is
to say, the Species of Things Corporeal
100 : That Intelligences Subsisting apart know Individual Things
101 : Whether to Separately Subsisting Intelligences all parts of their
Natural Knowledge are simultaneously present
Book III: God the End of Creatures
1 : Preface to the Book that follows
2 : That every Agent acts to some End
3 : That every Agent acts to some Good
4 : That Evil in Things is beside the Intention of the Agent
5, 6 : Arguments against the Truth of the Conclusion last drawn, with
Solutions of the same
7 : That Evil is not a Nature or Essence
8, 9 : Arguments against the aforesaid Conclusion, with Answers to the
same
10 : That the Cause of Evil is Good
11 : That Evil is founded in some Good
12 : That Evil does not entirely swallow up Good
14 : That Evil is an Accidental Cause
15 : That there is not any Sovereign Evil, acting as the Principle of
all Evils
16 : That the End in view of everything is some Good
17 : That all things are ordained to one End, which is God
18 : How God is the End of all things
19 : That all things aim at Likeness to God
20 : How things copy the Divine Goodness
21 : That things aim at Likeness to God in being Causes of other things
24 : That all things seek Good, even things devoid of Consciousness
25 : That the End of every Subsistent Intelligence is to understand God
26 : That Happiness does not consist in any Act of the Will
27 : That the Happiness of Man does not consist in Bodily Pleasures
28, 29 : That Happiness does not consist in Honours nor in Human Glory
30 : That Man's Happiness does not consist in Riches
31 : That Happiness does not consist in Worldly Power
32 : That Happiness does not consist in Goods of the Body
34 : That the Final Happiness of Man does not consist in Acts of the
Moral Virtues
37 : That the Final Happiness of Man consists in the Contemplation of
God
38 : That Human Happiness does not consist in such Knowledge of God as
is common to the Majority of Mankind
39 : That Happiness does not consist in the Knowledge of God which is
to be had by Demonstration
40 : That Happiness does not consist in the Knowledge of God by Faith
41 - 45 : [That we cannot find happiness in this life by sharing an angel's
natural knowledge of God]
46 : That the Soul in this Life does not understand itself by itself
47 : That we cannot in this Life see God as He essentially is
48 : That the Final Happiness of Man is not in this Life
49 : That the Knowledge which Pure Spirits have of God through knowing
their own Essence does not carry with it a Vision of the Essence of God
50 : That the Desire of Pure Intelligences does not rest satisfied in
the Natural Knowledge which they have of God
51 : How God is seen as He essentially is
52 : That no Created Substance can of its Natural Power arrive to see
God as He essentially is
53 : That a Created Intelligence needs some influx of Divine Light to
see God in His Essence
54 : Arguments against the aforesaid Statements and their Solutions
55 : That the Created Intelligence does not comprehend the Divine Substance
56 : That no Created Intelligence in seeing God sees all things that
can be seen in Him
57 : That every Intelligence of every Grade can be partaker of the Vision
of God
58 : That one may see God more perfectly than another
59 : How they who see the Divine Substance see all things
60 : That they who see God see all things in Him at once
61 : That by the Sight of God one is made partaker of Life Everlasting
62 : That they who see God will see Him for ever
63 : How in that Final Happiness every Desire of Man is fulfilled
64 : That God governs things by His Providence
65 : That God preserves things in Being
66 : That nothing gives Being except in so much as it acts in the Power
of God
67 : That God is Cause of Activity in all Active Agents
68 : That God is everywhere and in all things
69 : Of the Opinion of those who withdraw from Natural Things their Proper
Actions
70 : How the Same Effect is from God and from a Natural Agent
71 : That the Divine Providence is not wholly inconsistent with the presence
of Evil in Creation
72 : That Divine Providence is not inconsistent with an element of Contingency
in Creation
73 : That Divine Providence is not inconsistent with Freedom of the Will
74 : That Divine Providence is not inconsistent with Fortune and Chance
75 : That the Providence of God is exercised over Individual and Contingent
Things
76 : That the Providence of God watches immediately over all Individual
Things
77 : That the arrangements of Divine Providence are carried into execution
by means of Secondary Causes
78 : That Intelligent Creatures are the Medium through which other Creatures
are governed by God
81 : Of the Subordination of Men one to another
88 : That other Subsistent Intelligences cannot be direct Causes of our
Elections and Volitions
89 : That the Motion of the Will is caused by God, and not merely by
the Power of the Will
90 : That Human Choices and Volitions are subject to Divine Providence
91 : How Human Things are reduced to Higher Causes
92 : In what sense one is said to be Fortunate, and how Man is aided
by Higher Causes
93 : Of Fate, whether there be such a thing, and if so, what it is
94 : Of the Certainty of Divine Providence
95, 96 : That the Immutability of Divine Providence does not bar the
Utility of Prayer
96 : That God does not hear all Prayers
97 : How the Arrangements of Divine Providence follow a Plan
99 : How God can work beyond the Order laid down for Creatures, and produce
Effects without Proximate Causes
100 : That the things which God does beyond the Order of Nature are not
contrary to Nature
101 : Of Miracles
102 : That God alone works Miracles
103 : How Separately Subsisting Spirits work certain Wonders, which yet
are not true Miracles
104 : That the Works of Magicians are not due solely to the Influence
of the Heavenly Spheres
105 : Whence the performances of Magicians derive their Efficacy
106 : That the Subsistent Intelligence, which lends Efficacy to Magical
Performances, is not Good in both Categories of Being
107 : That the Subsistent Intelligence, whose aid is employed in Magic,
is not Evil by Nature
109 : That in Spirits there may be Sin, and how
108, 110 : Arguments seeming to prove that Sin is impossible to Spirits,
with Solutions of the same
112 : That Rational Creatures are governed by Providence for their own
sakes, and other Creatures in reference to them
113 : That the acts of the Rational Creature are guided by God, not merely
to the realisation of the Specific Type, but also to the realisation of
the Individual
114 : That it was necessary for a Law to be given to Man by God
115 : That the main purpose of the Divine Law is to subordinate Man to
God
116 : That the End of the Divine Law is the Love of God
117 : That by the Divine Law we are directed to the Love of our Neighbour
118 : That by Divine Law men are obliged to a Right Faith
119 : That by certain Sensible Rites our mind is directed to God
120 : That the Worship of Latria is to be paid to God alone
121 : That the Divine Law directs man to a Rational Use of Corporeal
and Sensible Things
122 : Of the reason for which Simple Fornication is a Sin by Divine Law,
and of the Natural Institution of Marriage
123 : That Marriage ought to be Indissoluble
124 : That Marriage ought to be between one Man and one Woman
125 : That Marriage ought not to take place between Kindred
126 : That not all Sexual Intercourse is Sin
127 : That of no Food is the Use Sinful in itself
128 : How the Law of God relates a man to his Neighbour
129 : That the things commanded by the Divine Law are Right, not only
because the Law enacts them, but also according to Nature
130 : That the Divine Government of Men is after the manner of Paternal
Government
131 : Of the Counsels that are given in the Divine Law
132, 135 : Arguments against Voluntary Poverty, with Replies
133, 136 : Of various Modes of Living adopted by the Votaries of Voluntary
Poverty
134 : In what the Good of Poverty consists
137 : Arguments against Perpetual Continence, with Replies
139 : Against those who find fault with Vows
140 : That neither all Good Works nor all Sins are Equal
141 : That a Man's Acts are punished or rewarded by God
142 : Of the Difference and Order of Punishments
143 : That not all Punishments nor all Rewards are Equal
144 : Of the Punishment due to Mortal and Venial Sins respectively in
regard to the Last End
145 : That the Punishment whereby one is deprived of his Last End is
Interminable
146 : That Sins are punished also by the experience of something Painful
147 : That it is Lawful for judges to inflict Punishments
148 : That Man stands in need of Divine Grace for the Gaining of Happiness
149 : That the Divine Assistance does not compel a Man to Virtue
150 : That Man cannot merit beforehand the said Assistance
151 : That the aforesaid Assistance is called 'Grace,' and what is the
meaning of 'Grace constituting a State of Grace'
152 : That the Grace which constitutes the State of Grace causes in us
the Love of God
153 : That Divine Grace causes in us Faith
154 : That Divine Grace causes in us a Hope of future Blessedness
155 : Of Graces given gratuitously
156 : That Man needs the Assistance of Divine Grace to Persevere in Good
157 : That he who falls from Grace by Sin may be recovered again by Grace
158 : That Man cannot be delivered from Sin except by Grace
159 : How Man is delivered from Sin
160 : That it is reasonably reckoned a Man's own Fault if he be not converted
to God, although he cannot be converted without Grace
161 : That a Man already in Mortal Sin cannot avoid more Mortal Sin without
Grace
162 : That some Men God delivers from Sin, and some He leaves in Sin
163 : That God is Cause of Sin to no Man
164 : Of Predestination, Reprobation, and Divine Election
Book IV: Of God in His Revelation
1 : Preface
2 : Of Generation, Paternity, and Sonship in God
3 : That the Son of God is God
4, 9 : The Opinion of Photinus touching the Son of God and its Rejection
5 : Rejection of the Opinion of Sabellius concerning the Son of God
6 : Of the Opinion of Arius concerning the Son of God
7 : Rejection of Arius's Position
8 : Explanation of the Texts which Arius used to allege for himself
12 : How the Son of God is called the Wisdom of God
17 : That the Holy Ghost is true God
18 : That the Holy Ghost is a Subsistent Person
20 : Of the Effects which the Scriptures attribute to the Holy Ghost
in respect of the whole Creation
21 : Of the Effects attributed to the Holy Ghost in Scripture in the
way of Gifts bestowed on the Rational Creature
22 : Of the Effects attributed to the Holy Ghost in the attraction of
the Rational Creature to God
23 : Replies to Arguments alleged against the Divinity of the Holy Ghost
24 : That the Holy Ghost Proceeds from the Son
26 : That there are only Three Persons in the Godhead, Father and Son
and Holy Ghost
27 : Of the Incarnation of the Word according to the Tradition of Holy
Scripture
28 : Of the Error of Photinus concerning the Incarnation
29 : Of the Error of the Manicheans concerning the Incarnation
32, 33 : Of the Error of Arius and Apollinaris concerning the Soul of
Christ
34 : Of the Error of Theodore of Mopsuestia concerning the Union of the
Word with Man
35 : Against the Error of Eutyches
36 : Of the Error of Macarius of Antioch, who posited one Operation only
and one Will only in Christ
39 : The Doctrine of Catholic Faith concerning the Incarnation
41 : Some further Elucidation of the Incarnation
40, 49 : Objections against the Faith of the Incarnation, with Replies
44 : That the Human Nature, assumed by the Word, was perfect in Soul
and Body in the instant of Conception
45 : That Christ was born of a Virgin without prejudice to His true and
natural Humanity
46, 47 : That Christ was conceived by the Holy Ghost
54 : Of the Incarnation as part of the Fitness of Things
55 : Points of Reply to Difficulties touching the Economy of the Incarnation
50 : That Original Sin is transmitted from our First Parent to his Posterity
51, 52 : Arguments against Original Sin, with Replies
56 : Of the Need of Sacraments
57 : Of the Difference between the Sacraments of the Old and of the New
Law
58 : Of the Number of the Sacraments of the New Law
59 : Of Baptism
60 : Of Confirmation
61 : Of the Eucharist
63 : Of the Conversion of Bread into the Body of Christ
64 : An Answer to Difficulties raised in respect of Place
65 : The Difficulty of the Accidents remaining
66 : What happens when the Sacramental Species pass away
67 : Answer to the Difficulty raised in respect of the Breaking of the
Host
68 : The Explanation of a Text
69 : Of the kind of Bread and Wine that ought to be used for the Consecration
of this Sacrament
70 : That it is possible for a man to sin after receiving Sacramental
Grace
71 : That a man who sins after the Grace of the Sacraments may be converted
to Grace
72 : Of the need of the Sacrament of Penance, and of the Parts thereof
73 : Of the Sacrament of Extreme Unction
74 : Of the Sacrament of Order
75 : Of the Distinction of Orders
76 : Of the Episcopal Dignity, and that therein one Bishop is Supreme
77 : That Sacraments can be administered even by Wicked Ministers
78 : Of the Sacrament of Matrimony
79 : That through Christ the Resurrection of our Bodies will take place
81 : Some Points of Reply to Difficulties on the Resurrection
82 : That Men shall rise again Immortal
83 : That in the Resurrection there will be no use of Food or Intercourse
of the Sexes
84 : That Risen Bodies shall be of the same Nature as before
85 : That the Bodies of the Risen shall be otherwise organised than before
86 : Of the Qualities of Glorified Bodies
88 : Of Sex and Age in the Resurrection
89 : Of the Quality of Risen Bodies in the Lost
90 : How Incorporeal Subsistent Spirits suffer from Corporeal Fire, and
are befittingly punished with Corporeal Punishments
91 : That Souls enter upon Punishment or Reward immediately after their
Separation from their Bodies
92 : That the Souls of the Saints after Death have their Will immutably
fixed on Good
93 : That the Souls of the Wicked after Death have their Will immutably
fixed on Evil
94 : Of the Immutability of the Will of Souls detained in Purgatory
95 : Of the General Cause of Immutability in all Souls after their Separation
from the Body
96 : Of the Last judgement
97 : Of the State of the World after the judgement
Afterword
Topics of Summa Theologiae
PRIMA PARS.
Sacred Doctrine. The One God. The Blessed Trinity. Creation. The Angels.
The Six Days. Man. The Government of Creatures.
PRIMA SECUNDÆ PARTIS.
Man's Last End. Human Acts. Passions. Habits. Vice and Sin. Law. Grace.
SECUNDA SECUNDÆ PARTIS.
Faith. Hope. Charity. Prudence. Justice. Fortitude. Temperance. Acts Which
Pertain to Certain Men.
TERTIA PARS.
The Incarnation. The Life of Christ. Sacraments. Baptism. Confirmation.
The Holy Eucharist. Penance.
SUPPLEMENTUM TERTIA PARTIS.
Penance (continued). Extreme Unction. Holy Orders. Matrimony. The Resurrection.
Appendices
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